创始人藏书

从第一性原理出发的深度阅读清单

从这里开始 —— 塑造你思考方式的 100 本书 · 精选自 Sophie Ren

为那些想知道事物究竟如何运作的人,准备的一座藏书。

七大类别共 100 本 —— 用和六本基石书相同的方式精选:真正深刻,源自第一性原理。每一本都穿过现象,寻找那个能解释最多事的底层原理。

Sophie's starting path

如果只读七本,就读这些。

You don't have to read straight through. For the biggest intellectual jolt, start here.

  1. Gödel, Escher, BachDouglas Hofstadter · Cat 03
  2. Surfaces and EssencesHofstadter & Sander · Cat 07
  3. The Deep History of OurselvesJoseph LeDoux · Cat 01
  4. On IntelligenceJeff Hawkins · Cat 02
  5. Chip WarChris Miller · Cat 04
  6. Genius MakersCade Metz · Cat 05
  7. How We LearnStanislas Dehaene · Cat 07

For something immediately useful, Dehaene's How We Learn is the most actionable book on the list.

The seven categories

细胞文明

Roughly 14 to 15 books in each.

01
Category 01 of 07 — The Evolution of Intelligence

智能是四十亿年累积的生存技巧的堆栈。

Not a human miracle. Fourteen books that put cognition back inside the long story of life — each layer of intelligence built on the one before, none of it inevitable, all of it traceable.

Cornerstone A Brief History of Intelligence — Max Bennett. The anchor of this category. Read the Book Pick →
No. 01

The Deep History of Ourselves

Joseph LeDoux · 2019

Four billion years of nervous-system evolution, entered through survival circuits instead of cognitive breakthroughs.

No. 02

Other Minds

Peter Godfrey-Smith · 2016

The octopus as a natural control experiment — mind has arisen on Earth at least twice.

No. 03

The Secret of Our Success

Joseph Henrich · 2015

Human intelligence lives mostly outside any one skull — in the cumulative transmission of culture.

No. 04

The Evolution of Agency

Michael Tomasello · 2022

The real axis for the evolution of mind isn't intelligence — it's agency.

No. 05

The Vital Question

Nick Lane · 2015

Before there were neurons, there were energy budgets. Life is constrained by mitochondria.

No. 06

The Selfish Gene

Richard Dawkins · 1976

Bodies are survival machines built by genes — one principle re-explains altruism, kinship, even culture.

No. 07

Darwin's Dangerous Idea

Daniel Dennett · 1995

Natural selection isn't a biological claim. It's a universal acid — an algorithm for complexity itself.

No. 08

An Immense World

Ed Yong · 2022

Every species lives inside its own sensory bubble. There is no general intelligence detached from a body.

No. 09

Metazoa

Peter Godfrey-Smith · 2020

Subjective experience grows gradually as nervous systems do — no miracle moment, just a continuum.

No. 10

Behave

Robert Sapolsky · 2017

Every act is the joint product of hormones, circuits, childhood, culture, and genes — operating on different clocks.

No. 11

The Mind of a Bee

Lars Chittka · 2022

A million-neuron brain can count, recognize faces, use tools. Minimum viable intelligence is shockingly small.

No. 12

Cognitive Gadgets

Cecilia Heyes · 2018

Imitation, mind-reading, language — not innate instincts. Culture installs them, one generation at a time.

No. 13

Sentience

Nicholas Humphrey · 2022

Feeling is not a byproduct of the brain. It's a functional invention, designed to make organisms care.

No. 14

The Ancient Origins of Consciousness

Feinberg & Mallatt · 2016

Consciousness has a birth certificate: the Cambrian, 500 million years ago, when image-forming eyes appeared.

02
Category 02 of 07 — Intelligence and Cognition

认知是大脑对下一刻发生什么的持续下注

Perception, memory, emotion, the self — fourteen books on the machinery underneath them all, and on the principle that may unify them: prediction. Where the first category asks where intelligence came from, this one asks how it actually runs.

Cornerstone A Thousand Brains — Jeff Hawkins. The anchor of this category. Read the Book Pick →
No. 01

On Intelligence

Jeff Hawkins · 2004

The neocortex is one unified memory–prediction framework. Intelligence is constant prediction.

No. 02

The Society of Mind

Marvin Minsky · 1986

Mind is built from many small agents, none intelligent on its own — intelligence is what emerges.

No. 03

How the Mind Works

Steven Pinker · 1997

The mind as a computational organ — evolution designed it to solve specific adaptive problems.

No. 04

The Experience Machine

Andy Clark · 2023

Perception is the brain's controlled hallucination, corrected by sensory input.

No. 05

Consciousness and the Brain

Stanislas Dehaene · 2014

Information enters consciousness only when broadcast across the whole cortical network.

No. 06

Being You

Anil Seth · 2021

Even the sense that you exist is a hallucination the brain makes about its own body.

No. 07

I Am a Strange Loop

Douglas Hofstadter · 2007

The self is a symbol system recursing on itself — a loop pattern, not an entity.

No. 08

The Brain from Inside Out

György Buzsáki · 2019

The brain isn't a passive receiver. It's a self-active system assigning meaning to inputs.

No. 09

How Emotions Are Made

Lisa Feldman Barrett · 2017

Emotions aren't universal fingerprints — the brain constructs them moment by moment.

No. 10

Descartes' Error

Antonio Damasio · 1994

Reason cannot function without emotion and the body. Cognition is somatic.

No. 11

The Hidden Spring

Mark Solms · 2021

Consciousness comes from the brainstem, not the cortex — and its essence is feeling, not thought.

No. 12

Livewired

David Eagleman · 2020

The brain isn't hardware. It's a living material that rewires itself to fit body and world.

No. 13

Phantoms in the Brain

V. S. Ramachandran · 1998

Reverse-engineer the brain through the bizarre ways it breaks — phantom limbs, denial, mistaken identity.

No. 14

The Master and His Emissary

Iain McGilchrist · 2009

Left and right hemispheres aren't different functions — they're two ways of attending to the world.

03
Category 03 of 07 — The History of Cognitive Science

认知科学是由六个学科缝合而成的。

Psychology, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, anthropology — and a few people stubborn enough to ignore the boundaries between them. Fourteen books on how this interdisciplinary field invented itself, and on the principles it still argues over.

Cornerstone Models of the Mind — Grace Lindsay. How mathematics and engineering shaped our understanding of the brain. Read the Book Pick →
No. 01

The Computer and the Brain

John von Neumann · 1958

The first systematic side-by-side of brain and computer. The brain as a digital–analog hybrid.

No. 02

The Mind's New Science

Howard Gardner · 1985

The classic history of how psychology, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and neuroscience fused into one field.

No. 03

The Embodied Mind

Varela, Thompson & Rosch · 1991

Cognition isn't completed inside the head — it's enacted through the coupling of body and environment.

No. 04

Gödel, Escher, Bach

Douglas Hofstadter · 1979

How does a self-referential system give rise to meaning and a self? The strange loop.

No. 05

Cybernetics

Norbert Wiener · 1948

Machines, animals, societies — all unified by one principle: feedback.

No. 06

The Sciences of the Artificial

Herbert Simon · 1969

Economies, organizations, minds — all complex systems may share one set of design principles.

No. 07

Mind as Machine

Margaret Boden · 2006

The most exhaustive history of the field — two volumes, every core idea traced to its source.

No. 08

What Computers Still Can't Do

Hubert Dreyfus · 1992

AI's most famous critic argued the body, skill, and context cannot be formalized — and today's AI still grapples with that.

No. 09

The Modularity of Mind

Jerry Fodor · 1983

Part of the mind runs on specialized sealed modules; part doesn't — and the dividing line defined a decades-long debate.

No. 10

Consciousness Explained

Daniel Dennett · 1991

No Cartesian theater. Many parallel drafts, no central place where consciousness happens.

No. 11

Metaphors We Live By

Lakoff & Johnson · 1980

Metaphor isn't rhetorical decoration — it's the basic structure of thought, grounded in the body.

No. 12

The Computational Brain

Churchland & Sejnowski · 1992

To understand the brain, honor both the biological detail and the abstract principles of computation.

No. 13

The Information

James Gleick · 2011

Information had to be invented as a concept — it became the bedrock of computing, communication, and cognitive science.

No. 14

Vehicles

Valentino Braitenberg · 1984

Simple wiring, viewed from outside, looks like complex psychology. The most elegant lesson in over-attributing intelligence.

04
Category 04 of 07 — The History of Silicon Valley

硅谷不是奇迹。它是一套系统

Cold War money, a research university, venture capital, immigration, counterculture. Pulled apart, none of it works — together, it built the digital century. Fourteen books that take down the garage myth and rebuild the Valley as the engineered ecosystem it actually is.

No. 01

The Code

Margaret O'Mara · 2019

The definitive history. The Valley was never a market miracle — it was Cold War money, Stanford, VC, and immigration.

No. 02

The Idea Factory

Jon Gertner · 2012

Bell Labs produced the transistor, information theory, the laser. What soil makes that keep happening?

No. 03

Dealers of Lightning

Michael Hiltzik · 1999

Xerox PARC invented the GUI, the mouse, Ethernet — and commercialized almost none of it.

No. 04

What the Dormouse Said

John Markoff · 2005

The personal computer grew out of psychedelics and the antiwar movement. Technology is never neutral.

No. 05

Chip War

Chris Miller · 2022

Whoever controls the most advanced computing power controls the modern world.

No. 06

The Dream Machine

M. Mitchell Waldrop · 2001

J. C. R. Licklider — the spiritual father of the internet, and the man who funded the impractical.

No. 07

Where Wizards Stay Up Late

Hafner & Lyon · 1996

How the ARPANET was actually built — engineers solving the problem of getting different computers to talk.

No. 08

Hackers

Steven Levy · 1984

Three generations of hackers and the ethic they built — information should be free, authority distrusted.

No. 09

Regional Advantage

AnnaLee Saxenian · 1994

Why did Silicon Valley succeed and Route 128 fail? Culture and organizational structure.

No. 10

Crystal Fire

Riordan & Hoddeson · 1997

The 1947 transistor breakthrough at Bell Labs — and how Shockley carried the fuse to California.

No. 11

Troublemakers

Leslie Berlin · 2017

The crucial seven years (1969–1976) when the Valley became the Valley we know.

No. 12

The Soul of a New Machine

Tracy Kidder · 1981

What "building a machine" actually looks like on the ground — exhaustion, obsession, near-religious devotion.

No. 13

Fire in the Valley

Freiberger & Swaine · 1984

The Genesis of the PC industry — Altair to Apple to IBM PC, and the small companies that didn't make it.

No. 14

Valley of Genius

Adam Fisher · 2018

Pure oral history — hundreds of voices, no narrator. Listen for the recurring melodies of Valley culture.

05
Category 05 of 07 — Artificial Intelligence

AI 是唯一一种,在我们建造的同时反问我们是谁的发明。

Fifteen books on the field's safety arguments, paradigm disputes, and human history — from Bostrom and Russell to Pearl, Marcus, and Fei-Fei Li. The hardest, hottest, most contested category on the list.

Cornerstones The Coming Wave (Mustafa Suleyman) & Life 3.0 (Max Tegmark). The two anchors of this category. Read the Book Pick for The Coming WaveRead the Book Pick for Life 3.0
No. 01

Superintelligence

Nick Bostrom · 2014

Systematic reasoning through the intelligence explosion and the control problem. Defined the AI-safety field.

No. 02

Human Compatible

Stuart Russell · 2019

The author of the standard AI textbook declares the standard paradigm wrong — and proposes the correction.

No. 03

The Alignment Problem

Brian Christian · 2020

Translating human values to machines — at once a technical and a philosophical problem. The best introduction.

No. 04

AI: A Guide for Thinking Humans

Melanie Mitchell · 2019

What current AI lacks isn't compute. It's understanding.

No. 05

Genius Makers

Cade Metz · 2021

How deep learning moved from academic fringe to center of the world — Hinton, LeCun, Bengio, Hassabis.

No. 06

The Book of Why

Pearl & Mackenzie · 2018

ML is stuck at correlation. Real intelligence depends on causation — and we need a mathematics for it.

No. 07

The Worlds I See

Fei-Fei Li · 2023

The creator of ImageNet on what human values we actually want AI to serve.

No. 08

The Master Algorithm

Pedro Domingos · 2015

Five tribes of ML — symbolists, connectionists, evolutionaries, Bayesians, analogizers. Is there one master algorithm beneath them all?

No. 09

Rebooting AI

Marcus & Davis · 2019

Deep learning's sharpest critics: pattern-matching alone will never reach genuine understanding.

No. 10

The Deep Learning Revolution

Terrence Sejnowski · 2018

Insider history of connectionism — the victory of learning from the brain over hand-designed rules.

No. 11

The Myth of Artificial Intelligence

Erik Larson · 2021

Abduction — the leap to the best explanation — is the core of human intelligence, and we cannot make machines do it.

No. 12

Possible Minds

ed. John Brockman · 2019

Twenty-five thinkers, twenty-five answers — the same AI question carved into completely different shapes.

No. 13

Why Machines Learn

Anil Ananthaswamy · 2024

The mathematics of machine learning, beautifully — what the algorithms are actually doing in high-dimensional space.

No. 14

The Technological Singularity

Murray Shanahan · 2015

By what routes might superhuman intelligence appear — and what has been exaggerated?

No. 15

Nexus

Yuval Noah Harari · 2024

Information networks have always functioned to connect, not to find truth — and AI is the first node that decides for itself.

06
Category 06 of 07 — Business & Tech-Startup History

公司的兴衰,遵循着同样的少数几条机制

Disruption, the power law, the strategic inflection point, the chasm. Fifteen books that don't stop at the story — they go for the underlying mechanism, the kind of principle that explains a thousand rises and falls with one sentence.

No. 01

The Innovator's Dilemma

Clayton Christensen · 1997

Why excellent companies get disrupted — by doing exactly what made them excellent.

No. 02

Zero to One

Peter Thiel · 2014

The essence of a startup is going from 0 to 1. Competition is for losers.

No. 03

The Power Law

Sebastian Mallaby · 2022

VC behaves the way it does because returns follow a power law — a tiny number of deals make the whole industry.

No. 04

The Everything Store

Brad Stone · 2013

Amazon as a case study in starting from first principles and not wavering for decades.

No. 05

The Innovators

Walter Isaacson · 2014

Major innovation is almost never the lone hero. It's collaboration and relay, over two hundred years.

No. 06

Competitive Strategy

Michael Porter · 1980

Whether a firm makes money depends on industry structure, not the firm itself. Strategy as analyzable principle.

No. 07

Good Strategy Bad Strategy

Richard Rumelt · 2011

Real strategy is a diagnosis, a guiding policy, and a set of coherent actions — not a pile of goals.

No. 08

Only the Paranoid Survive

Andy Grove · 1996

The strategic inflection point — when an order-of-magnitude change makes the old logic stop working.

No. 09

The Outsiders

William Thorndike · 2012

Eight CEOs who treated themselves as capital allocators, not operators — and beat their peers for decades.

No. 10

Loonshots

Safi Bahcall · 2019

Whether an organization smothers its crazy ideas depends not on culture slogans but on a few structural parameters.

No. 11

Scale

Geoffrey West · 2017

From organisms to cities to companies — many features follow precise power laws as they scale. Is there one mathematics underneath?

No. 12

The Founders

Jimmy Soni · 2022

The early PayPal crew — how a near-failed payments company forged the PayPal Mafia.

No. 13

Crossing the Chasm

Geoffrey Moore · 1991

Early adopters and pragmatic mainstream customers want different things — most products die crossing the gap.

No. 14

Creativity, Inc.

Ed Catmull · 2014

How Pixar designs the institutional soil where creativity can happen continuously, not by luck.

No. 15

Elon Musk

Walter Isaacson · 2023

First-principles thinking in practice — and an honest record of its costs.

07
Category 07 of 07 — The Nature of Cognition and Learning

学习是你付出的代价,不是你接收的东西。

Attention. Active engagement. Error feedback. Consolidation. Fourteen books that close out the list with the most fundamental questions: what is cognition, really, and how does the mind actually grow? Every one tries to explain as much as possible with as few principles as possible.

No. 01

Thinking, Fast and Slow

Daniel Kahneman · 2011

Two systems — fast intuition and slow reasoning. Most judgments are dominated by the intuitive one, and they fail systematically.

No. 02

How We Learn

Stanislas Dehaene · 2020

Four pillars of learning: attention, active engagement, error feedback, consolidation. The most actionable book on this list.

No. 03

Surfaces and Essences

Hofstadter & Sander · 2013

Analogy is the core engine of thought — every concept, every act of understanding, is at bottom an analogy.

No. 04

Peak

Anders Ericsson · 2016

Expertise isn't talent. It's deliberate practice repeatedly reshaping the mental representations in the brain.

No. 05

The Enigma of Reason

Mercier & Sperber · 2017

Reasoning didn't evolve to find truth alone. It evolved to persuade others and justify oneself within a group.

No. 06

The Beginning of Infinity

David Deutsch · 2011

What drives all progress is good explanations — hard to vary, reaching far beyond what prompted them.

No. 07

The Knowledge Illusion

Sloman & Fernbach · 2017

We think we understand far more than we do. Knowledge lives across the community, not in any one head.

No. 08

Make It Stick

Brown, Roediger & McDaniel · 2014

Rereading is nearly useless. Retrieval, spacing, and interleaving — desirable difficulty — are what work.

No. 09

Mindstorms

Seymour Papert · 1980

Knowledge isn't transmitted. It's built by learners as they build something real with their own hands.

No. 10

The Scientist in the Crib

Gopnik, Meltzoff & Kuhl · 1999

Babies are the most powerful learning machines we know. They learn the way scientists do — theory, experiment, revision.

No. 11

Range

David Epstein · 2019

The more unkind the learning environment, the more breadth beats specialization.

No. 12

Sources of Power

Gary Klein · 1998

Real experts barely compare options. They pattern-recognize what to do, then test with mental simulation.

No. 13

Superforecasting

Tetlock & Gardner · 2015

Ordinary people with the right habits forecast better than intelligence experts. Good judgment is learnable.

No. 14

Thinking in Systems

Donella Meadows · 2008

Stocks, flows, feedback loops, delays — the underlying language for understanding any complex system.

A note on Gombrich

About The Story of Art

Gombrich's The Story of Art from the original list falls outside these seven categories — it belongs to a separate lineage of art and perception. A companion list along that direction (Gombrich's Art and Illusion, Eric Kandel's The Age of Insight, books connecting art, perception, and the brain) is in the works.

Read the Book Pick for The Story of Art

About this edition

Why one hundred

This list expands from 32 books to 100 — roughly 14 to 15 in each of the seven categories. The original 32 remain the spine: they are the most foundational and make the best entry point into each category; the 68 additions extend each line outward on both sides, filling in prequels, rivals, sources, and offshoots. If you want to go further still, the most reliable next leg is usually hidden in the notes and bibliography of whatever book you are currently reading.

A book we missed?

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